@article{Hussain_Ghazanfar_Malik_Umar_Younas_2021, title={Effect of Endectocides and Antibiotic Dung Poisoning on Mortality of Dung Beetle Species: Antibiotic Dung Poisoning in Diferent Species}, volume={64}, url={https://v2.pjsir.org/index.php/biological-sciences/article/view/2306}, DOI={10.52763/PJSIR.BIOL.SCI.64.3.2021.211.216}, abstractNote={<p>We explored the effect of endectocides (deltamethrin and trichlorophenol) and antibiotics (enrofloxacin and oxytetracycline) on dung beetle species, <em>0nthophagus gazella </em>and <em>0nitis excavatus </em>under laboratory conditions<em>. 0. gazella </em>and <em>0. excavatus </em>were collected from pastures and crop lands of Jhelum, Punjab, Pakistan. The selected endectocides and antibiotics were applied on dung pats placed over soil @ 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1 ppm and kept in glass containers of 2’ x 2’ x 1.5’ size. The laboratory bioassay was carried out at 28 ± 2 °C temperature and 65 ± 5 % RH with 12:12 of light to darkness ratio. Our results demonstrated that deltamethrin, trichlorophenol and oxytetracycline were toxic to both species, <em>0. gazella </em>and <em>0. excavatus </em>after two weeks of the exposure. Comparatively higher dung beetle mortality was recorded in both deltamethrin and trichlorophenol when applied @ 1 ppm as compared to 0.25, 0.50 and 0.75 ppm concentrations in <em>0. gazella </em>and <em>0. excavatus </em>showed significantly higher mortality against oxytetracycline (53.3 % and 93.3 %, respectively), trichlorophenol (80 % and 94 %, respectively) and deltamethrin  (88% and 76 %, respectively) at 1 ppm concentrations, whereas no mortality was recorded in all concentrations of enrofloxacin. <em>0. gazella </em>and <em>0. excavatus </em>responded negatively to the presence of different concentrations of veterinary parasiticides. In addition to the hazardous effect of <em>0. gazella </em>and <em>0. excavatus, </em>the study reports that these dung beetle species can be exploited as bio-indicators for environmental assessment in ecosystem studies.</p> <p> </p>}, number={3}, journal={Biological Sciences - PJSIR}, author={Hussain, Mubashar and Ghazanfar, Mobeen and Malik, Muhammad Faheem and Umar, Muhammad and Younas, Misbah}, year={2021}, month={Oct.}, pages={211–216} }